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Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) is a towering figure in modern thought, but one who has hitherto been severely underappreciated. Michael Forster seeks to rectify that situation by exploring the full range of his ideas, and showing their enormous impact in philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, and comparative literature.

Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) is a towering figure in modern thought, but one who has hitherto been severely underappreciated. Michael Forster seeks to rectify that situation by exploring the full range of his ideas, and showing their enormous impact in philosophy, linguistics, anthropology, and comparative literature

This book puts forward a much-needed reappraisal of Immanuel Kant's conception of and response to skepticism, as set forth principally in the Critique of Pure Reason. It is widely recognized that Kant's theoretical philosophy aims to answer skepticism and reform metaphysics--Michael Forster makes the controversial argument that those aims are closely linked. He distinguishes among three types of skepticism: "veil of perception" skepticism, which concerns the external world; Humean skepticism, which concerns the existence of a priori concepts and synthetic a priori knowledge; and Pyrrhonian sk

What is the nature of a conceptual scheme? Are there alternative conceptual schemes? If so, are some more justifiable or correct than others? The later Wittgenstein already addresses these fundamental philosophical questions under the general rubric of "grammar" and the question of its "arbitrariness"--and does so with great subtlety. This book explores Wittgenstein's views on these questions. Part I interprets his conception of grammar as a generalized (and otherwise modified) version of Kant's transcendental idealist solution to a puzzle about necessity. It also seeks to reconcile Wittgen

This volume is divided into four parts. The first Part explores individual philosophers, including Fichte, Hegel, Kierkegaard, and Nietzsche, amongst other great thinkers of the period. The second addresses key philosophical movements: Idealism, Romanticism, Neo-Kantianism, and Existentialism. The essays in the third Part engage with different areas of philosophy that received particular attention at this time, including philosophy of nature and of science, philosophy of mind and language, the philosophy of education, and the relationship between philosophy and science, or Wissenschaft (a German term that is famously less narrowly restricted to natural science and disciplines modeled on it than its English counterpart). Finally, the contributors turn to discuss central philosophical topics, from skepticism to materialism, from dialectics to ideas of historical and cultural Otherness, and from the reception of antiquity to atheism

Intro -- Preface -- A Note on Transliteration -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: On Russian Thought and Intellectual Tradition -- Historical Evolution -- The Palgrave Handbook of Russian Thought: Aim, Scope, and Structure -- Bibliography -- Part I: Russian Philosophical Thought -- Chapter 2: Politics and Enlightenment in Russia -- General Considerations: Enlightenment in Europe and Russia -- Enlightenment Under Catherine II: Early Years -- Enlightenment Under Catherine II: The Encounter with Diderot -- Three Russian Responses to Catherine's Enlightenment Program -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Russian Religious Philosophy: The Nature of the Phenomenon, Its Path, and Its Afterlife -- Preamble: Some Why's and What's -- The Birth of Russian Philosophical Discourse as an Epistemological Event -- Characterization of the Newborn Phenomenon -- Religious Thought in Diaspora as a Discursive Modulation -- Post-Soviet Philosophy: The Palingenesis? The Reverse Modulation? -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Russian Political Philosophy: Between Autocracy and Revolution -- Introduction -- Dialectics and Destruction (1825-1881) -- From Repression to Revolution (1881-1921) -- Soviet Union and Emigration (1922-1956) -- Late Soviet and Post-Soviet Period (1956-2018) -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Between Aristocratism and Artistry: Two Centuries of the Revolutionary Paradigm in Russia -- Introduction -- The Personification Method of Comprehending History -- Pointing the Way to Artistry: The Aristocrat, Revolutionary, and Writer Alexander Herzen -- The Theatricality of Revolution and the Bohemian -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Kant and Kantianism in Russia: A Historical Overview -- Introduction -- The Main Stages of Kant's Reception in Russia.